Flatness Without Tuning

Lambda-CDM requires the universe's spatial curvature parameter (Omega_K) to be extraordinarily close to zero—within one part in 10^{60} or better—for the universe to appear flat as observations show. Without cosmic inflation to exponentially flatten the geometry, this extreme fine-tuning appears arbitrary and demands explanation. The model offers no mechanism for why the initial conditions were set with such precision, relying instead on either anthropic selection or the assumption that inflation occurred, yet inflation itself requires fine-tuned initial conditions. This circularity reveals a fundamental unsatisfactoriness in Lambda-CDM's ability to explain spatial flatness from first principles (Liddle & Lyth 2000; Guth & Nomura 2012). SCT must explain how near-perfect flatness emerges naturally without invoking inflation or extreme fine-tuning.

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