JWST Early Massive Galaxies (Z=14, M_*=10^{10})

The galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0, spectroscopically confirmed at z ≈ 14.2, already shows significant gas-phase oxygen enrichment, with ALMA/[O III] 88 µm measurements indicating metallicities of order 0.1–0.2 Z? only ~300 Myr after the conventional Big Bang epoch (Carniani et al. 2025; Witstok et al. 2024). In ΛCDM, such high oxygen abundance so early requires multiple generations of massive stars to form and explode on very short timescales in a relatively small, already-massive system, pushing models of early star-formation histories, feedback, and chemical evolution to produce more rapid and efficient enrichment than many pre-JWST simulations anticipated (Labbé et al. 2023; Boylan-Kolchin 2023).

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