JWST and related X-ray/IR observations have revealed actively accreting black holes with inferred masses up to ~10^7–10^9 M? at redshifts z ? 9–11, implying that supermassive black hole (SMBH) “seeds” must either start very massive or grow at (averaged) Eddington or super-Eddington rates almost continuously over the first few hundred million years (Maiolino et al. 2023; Larson et al. 2023). In the standard ΛCDM framework, light seeds from stellar remnants and even many “heavy seed” models struggle to reach ~10^9 M? by z ~ 10 without invoking finely tuned episodes of dense gas inflow, sustained super-Eddington accretion, or exotic seeding channels, so these early SMBHs remain a key tension for conventional structure-formation scenarios (Volonteri 2010; Inayoshi et al. 2020).