Star Formation Cliff (Z~2)

The cosmic star formation rate exhibits a marked decline beginning around redshift z ~ 2, transitioning from rising rates at higher redshifts (z > 2) to rapidly falling rates at lower redshifts (z < 2). This sharp transition, often called the "star formation cliff" or "cosmic noon," is not well explained by Lambda-CDM galaxy formation models, which predict a smoother, more gradual decline driven by environment-dependent quenching and secular evolution. The abruptness of the transition and the apparent universality of the quenching epoch across diverse galaxy populations suggest a global environmental change or trigger rather than the local, stochastic processes that Lambda-CDM invokes (Madau & Dickinson 2014; Smit et al. 2016).

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