Lambda-CDM predicts that dust-to-gas ratios in galaxies should scale predictably with metallicity and follow universal relationships derived from equilibrium dust production and destruction processes in stellar environments. However, observations reveal significant scatter in dust-to-gas ratios across galaxies of similar metallicity, and in some cases ratios appear systematically higher or lower than standard dust models predict. Additionally, the variation of dust-to-gas ratios across different galactic environments and at different cosmic epochs shows patterns inconsistent with simple metallicity-driven models, suggesting that dust formation or survival mechanisms involve physics beyond the standard dust cycle (Rémy et al. 2017; Wolfire et al. 2003). These deviations challenge the assumption that dust is simply a byproduct of stellar nucleosynthesis and indicate that dust properties encode information about non-equilibrium processes in galaxy evolution.