Precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure indicate that the spatial curvature parameter $\Omega_K$ is extraordinarily close to zero, with current constraints placing it within approximately $|\Omega_K| < 0.001$. In the standard Big Bang framework without inflation, achieving this level of flatness requires the initial density parameter to be fine-tuned to the critical density with precision better than one part in $10^{60}$ at the Planck epoch, because any deviation from perfect flatness grows rapidly as the universe evolves. Lambda-CDM addresses this through cosmic inflation, which exponentially expands space and flattens any initial curvature, but the theory still faces challenges in explaining why inflation started and stopped at just the right moments to produce the observed degree of flatness (Guth 1981; Planck Collaboration 2018).