For nearly a century, modern cosmology has assumed a single hot, dense beginning and then worked backwards from today’s universe to guess what the initial conditions “must have been.” Successive Collision Theory (SCT) takes the opposite approach: it starts with the tested mathematics of General Relativity and Special Relativity, but replaces that assumption with a concrete pre‑recombination history and offers a mathematically rigorous solution to the most pressing issues in cosmology, complete with tens of falsifiable predictions.

General Relativity does not predict inflating bubble universes, and there was no period of faster-than-light inflation. The scale-invariant and scale-independent nature of general relativity dictates that in an isotropic and homogeneous universe, larger and larger structures evolve naturally over time. The field equations of general relativity tell us to predict immense nested structures created by celestial bodies and groups of bodies, all playing the perpetual game of follow the leader(s). Our entire visible universe likely has siblings sharing a comoving frame all hurling around something even more massive, and it probably has satellites orbiting it. All of which were created during the same cosmic events that created our infinitesimal patch of relative spacetime.

Special Relativity defines the cosmic speed limit an object with mass can be accelerated to within our nested succession of larger and larger parent comoving reference frames, but has no bearing on the relative speeds that two such immense nested structures might see when they intersect the same relative area of spacetime. A succession of collisions, starting at superluminal relative speeds, with similar kinetic energies far greater than those that could occur at twice the speed of light are how we ended up with the fairly uniform thermal signature that we see in our cosmic microwave background.

Successive Collision Theory can account for all 231 currently documented tensions with ΛCDM without adding a single new field or free parameter. If SCT is correct, we have not just fixed a few anomalies; we have filled in all the gaps that the model has been struggling with for over a century. In doing so, we turned a long list of “cosmic coincidences” into inevitable outcomes. By easily explaining things like The Horizon Problem, Anomalies in the CMB, Satellite Plane Alignments, Cluster Orientation Alignments, The Thermal Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Power Spectrum and the 𝑆8 Tension, Entropy Floors in the Intracluster Medium, and Cluster Substructure Lensing Excess, we develop the equations and formulas that can be used to explain over 150 separate related tensions. A single research paper explains all these issues and offers us the ancillary bonus of offering up the math needed to see where Dark Matter has been hiding inside GR this whole time.

Besides revealing the long-overlooked culprits behind dark matter, dark energy, and what came before and caused our Big Bang via updates to the field equations of general relativity, a third change to the EFE shows how quark degeneracy pressure via LQCD provides a range of equations of state to fend off gravitational collapse and replace the singularity with a polyquark.

When one examines the universe with a clear head and an intelligent mind, the self-evident fact that no span of time ever spun that itself was not preceded by an infinite span of time leads one directly to a conclusion of an eternally infinite 4D Minkowski spacetime. Any other option introduces irreconcilable paradoxes and inconsistencies, and once we embrace the fact that "Our Big Bang" did not create the entirety of "The Universe", but just a small area of multiple separate nested successions of comoving frames of reference, one of which we call "our universe".